<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b: \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u062a\u0647\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646. \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b “\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f”\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0648 (Michel Pastoureau) \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0635\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n

\u0647\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0621 “\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a”\u060c \u064a\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629. \u0625\u0630 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0631\u0645\u0632\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u062b\u0645\u0629 \u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0628\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0646: “\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0643\u0628\u062b\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0646”\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0630\u0643\u0651\u0631 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 (2015) \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f: “\u062c\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f”.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0648 \u0642\u062f \u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 “\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f: \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0644\u0648\u0646” (2008)\u060c \u062a\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0630\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0634\u062e\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636\u0629: \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0647\u0648 \u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0624\u0633 \u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u062b\u0645\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0646\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0637\u0641 \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0644. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0630\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b. \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d Dialectique \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u0633\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636.<\/p>\n

\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u063a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0651\u0642\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 “\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0643”\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0623\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u062c\u062f\u0644\u064d \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u062d\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. \u062b\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n

\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0642\u0631\u0646\u060c \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644: “\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0624\u0645\u0646\u061f”\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a “\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u062f\u061f”. \u0643\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0642\u0635\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0651\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0642\u062f \u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629)\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u062f\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0631\u0645\u0632\u0627\u064b “\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0645\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647”.<\/p>\n

\u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 “\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0621” \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0629: \u0639\u062f\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0648\u0633 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0648\u0641\u0647 \u0623\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0647. \u0623\u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 “\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0647\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636\u061f” \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0647.<\/p>\n

\u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0630 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u0644\u062c\u0631\u0639\u0627\u062a “\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621” \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a “\u0628\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0621”\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064e\u0648\u0652\u0633\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627. “\u0645\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062c\u0631\u0628 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0639\u0628 \u0634\u064a\u0626\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629” \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648.<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f. \u0644\u0639\u0644\u0651 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0623\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621 (Marqueur).<\/p>\n

\u064a\u062a\u063a\u0644\u063a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u060c \u0623\u0648 “\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621” \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0629\u061b \u0641\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062b\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u062f.<\/p>\n

“\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0636\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u063a\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0641\u062c\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639”\u060c \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644. \u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627: “\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0632\u060c \u0643\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0647”.<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u0627 \u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0637 \u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0633 \u0642\u0632\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u062c\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0645\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 “\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621” \u0648”\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621” \u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646. \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0651\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d “\u0633\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629” \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b “\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0644\u0643”\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 “\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0642\u0635”. \u0648\u064a\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0637\u0651\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0648\u0646 “\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0637\u062e \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633”.<\/p>\n

\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0633\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0648\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631)\u061b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0646 “\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f”\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0626\u0646\u0627\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a : “\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f” \u0631\u0645\u0632\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f “\u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 \u0640 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f\u060c \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0648\u0637\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0640 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f”.<\/p>\n

\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0635\u0644\u064d \u062e\u0627\u0635\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d “\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f” \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636. \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0631\u062d\u064a\u062a\u0647 “\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0648\u062c”: “\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0630\u0646: \u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f\u061f \u0648\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643: \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f”\u061f<\/p>\n

\u064a\u0633\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639 “\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636” \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a “\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0641 \u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u064b\u0627”\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 “\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u062f”\u060c \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u064a\u0630\u0643\u0651\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0636\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0645 \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u063a\u062a\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0633\u0642\u0637\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0633\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0634 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0630\u0643\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0632\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0643\u0633: Black is beautiful \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649\u060c \u0623\u062c\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0623\u0630\u0643\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636.<\/p>\n

\u064a\u062e\u062a\u062a\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629: “\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0623\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f. \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0644\u0648\u0646”.<\/p>\n

\u0644\u0639\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0644\u0648 “\u062c\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f” \u0647\u0648 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0623\u064a “\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621”. \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0647\u0646\u0627” \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0627\u0637\u0626\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u064a”.<\/p>\n

\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0647\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u062b\u062e\u064a\u0646\u0629 :<\/p>\n

“\u0641\u064a \u062d\u0641\u0644 \u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0632\u064a \u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0641 \u0632\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0634\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u062f\u060c \u064a\u0635\u063a\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644: “\u064a\u0627 \u0625\u062e\u0648\u062a\u064a\u060c \u0647\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0631\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0627\u064b. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0651\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0624\u0645\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0628\u062d\u0642. \u064a\u062d\u0628 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0647. \u0632\u0648\u062c \u0645\u062e\u0644\u0635\u060c \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0637\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0647…”<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0630\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0643 \u0628\u0635\u0645\u062a. \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0627\u0628\u0646\u0647\u0627: “\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0625\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0648\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0634\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0623\u0643\u0651\u062f \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643!”.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b: \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u062a\u0647\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646. \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b “\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f”\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0648 (Michel Pastoureau) \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0635\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0646. \u0647\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0621 “\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a”\u060c \u064a\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629. \u0625\u0630 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":111500,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-111499","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-9"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/syria.alsafahat.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/111499","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/syria.alsafahat.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/syria.alsafahat.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/syria.alsafahat.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/7"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/syria.alsafahat.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=111499"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/syria.alsafahat.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/111499\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/syria.alsafahat.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/111500"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/syria.alsafahat.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=111499"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/syria.alsafahat.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=111499"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/syria.alsafahat.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=111499"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}